주의: 이 번역은 원문보다 오래되었습니다.

데비안 헌법

데비안 프로젝트를 위한 헌법 (v1.7)

버전 1.7은 2016.8.14에 비준되었습니다.

Superseded by the current version 1.8 ratified on January 28th, 2022.

버전 1.6 2015.12.13 비준, 버전 1.5 2015.1.9 비준, 버전 1.4 2007.10.7 비준, 버전 1.3 2006.9.24 비준, 버전 1.2 2003.10.29 비준 및 버전 1.1 2003.6.21 비준을 대체하며, 이는 버전 1.01998.12.2 비준을 대체합니다.

1. 소개

데비안 프로젝트는 자유 운영 체제를 창조하는 공통 원인을 만든 개인의 모임입니다.

이 문서는 프로젝트에서 공식적 의사결정을 위한 조직 구조를 설명합니다. 프로젝트의 목표 또는 그것을 어떻게 성취하는지, 또는 의사 결정 절차에 직접 관련된 정책을 제외한 어떤 정책도 포함하지 않습니다.

2. 의사결정 기구 및 개인

프로젝트의 각 결정은 아래의 하나 이상에 의해 만들어진다:

  1. 개발자, 일반 결의 또는 선거에 의해;
  2. 프로젝트 리더;
  3. 기술위원회 그리고/또는 그 의장;
  4. 특정 임무를 하는 개인 개발자;
  5. 특정 임무를 위해 프로젝트 리더에 의해 지정된 대표;
  6. 프로젝트 비서.

이 문서의 나머지의 대부분은 신체 능력, 구성 및 약속, 의사 결정 절차 개요를 설명합니다. 사람 또는 신체의 힘은 다른 사람들의 검토 그리고/또는 제한을 받을 수 있습니다. 이 경우 검토 기관 또는 개인의 등장이 여기 서술됩니다. 위 목록에서, 사람 또는 단체는 자신이 결정을 기각하거나 그들이 지적을 (도울) 사람들 또는 단체 앞에 대개 열거됩니다 - 그러나 이전에 열거된 모두가 나중에 열거된 모두를 무시할 수는 없습니다.

2.1. 일반 규칙

  1. 이 헌법의 아무것도 이 프로젝트에서 일하는 누구에게도 의무를 부과하지 않습니다. 위임되거나 할당된 사람은 원치 않으면 그 일을 할 필요가 없습니다. 그러나, 그들사이에서 적절하게 만들어진 규칙과 결정에 반대하는 일을 적극적으로 하면 안 됩니다.

  2. 프로젝트 리더, 프로젝트 비서와 기술위원회 의장은 다르고, 리더가 그들 자신의 대의원으로 임명할 수 없을을 제외하고, 여러 게시물을 가지고 있을 수 있습니다.

  3. 공개적으로 말함으로써, 프로젝트를 떠나거나 그들이 가진 특정 게시물에서 사임할 수 있습니다.

3. 개인 개발자

3.1. 권한

개인 개발자가 할 수도 있는 것

  1. 그들 자신 업무 관련 기술적 또는 비기술적 결정;
  2. 일반 의한 초안 제안 또는 후원;
  3. 그들 자신을 프로젝트 리더 후보자로 선거에서 제안;
  4. 일반 결의 및 리더쉽 선거에 투표.

3.2. 구성 및 약속

  1. 개발자는 그들이 참여한 프로젝트의 목적을 진전시키는데 동의하는 자원봉사자이며, 패키지를 프로젝트 패키지를 유지하거나 프로젝트 리더의 대표가 가치있다고 생각하는 일을 합니다.

  2. 프로젝트 리더의 대표는 새 개발자를 인정하지 않거나, 기존 개발자를 쫓아낼 수 있습니다. 개발자가 느끼기에 대표가 그의 권력을 잘못 사용하다면 물론 일반 결의를 통해 결정을 무시할 수 있습니다 - §4.1(3), §4.2를 보십시오

3.3. 절차

개발자는 그들이 적절하다고 보면 이런 결정을 할 수 있습니다.

4. 일반 결의 또느 선거에 의한 개발자

4.1. 권한

함께, 개발자는 할 수 있습니다:

  1. 프로젝트 리더를 선출하거나 소환.

  2. 3대1 다수결에 동의하면, 헌법을 개정.

  3. 프로젝트 리더 또는 대의원의 권한으로 승인된 결정을 하거나 무시하기.

  4. 2 : 1 다수결에 동의한다면, 기술위원회의 권한에 의해 승인된 결정을 확인하거나 무시.

  5. 비 기술 정책 문서와 진술을 발행, 대체 및 철회

    이것을 프로젝트의 목표, 다른 자유소프트웨어와의 관계, 자유 소프트웨어 라이슨스 조항 같은 비 기술적 데비안 소프트웨어가 만나는 정치를 포함

    그들은 오늘의 이슈에 관한 입장 진술을 포함할 수 있음

    1. A Foundation Document is a document or statement regarded as critical to the Project's mission and purposes.
    2. The Foundation Documents are the works entitled Debian Social Contract and Debian Free Software Guidelines.
    3. A Foundation Document requires a 3:1 majority for its supersession. New Foundation Documents are issued and existing ones withdrawn by amending the list of Foundation Documents in this constitution.

  6. Make decisions about property held in trust for purposes related to Debian. (See §9.).

  7. In case of a disagreement between the project leader and the incumbent secretary, appoint a new secretary.

4.2. Procedure

  1. The Developers follow the Standard Resolution Procedure, below. A resolution or amendment is introduced if proposed by any Developer and sponsored by at least K other Developers, or if proposed by the Project Leader or the Technical Committee.

  2. Delaying a decision by the Project Leader or their Delegate:

    1. If the Project Leader or their Delegate, or the Technical Committee, has made a decision, then Developers can override them by passing a resolution to do so; see §4.1(3).
    2. If such a resolution is sponsored by at least 2K Developers, or if it is proposed by the Technical Committee, the resolution puts the decision immediately on hold (provided that resolution itself says so).
    3. If the original decision was to change a discussion period or a voting period, or the resolution is to override the Technical Committee, then only K Developers need to sponsor the resolution to be able to put the decision immediately on hold.
    4. If the decision is put on hold, an immediate vote is held to determine whether the decision will stand until the full vote on the decision is made or whether the implementation of the original decision will be delayed until then. There is no quorum for this immediate procedural vote.
    5. If the Project Leader (or the Delegate) withdraws the original decision, the vote becomes moot, and is no longer conducted.

  3. Votes are taken by the Project Secretary. Votes, tallies, and results are not revealed during the voting period; after the vote the Project Secretary lists all the votes cast. The voting period is 2 weeks, but may be varied by up to 1 week by the Project Leader.

  4. The minimum discussion period is 2 weeks, but may be varied by up to 1 week by the Project Leader. The Project Leader has a casting vote. There is a quorum of 3Q.

  5. Proposals, sponsors, amendments, calls for votes and other formal actions are made by announcement on a publicly-readable electronic mailing list designated by the Project Leader's Delegate(s); any Developer may post there.

  6. Votes are cast by email in a manner suitable to the Secretary. The Secretary determines for each poll whether voters can change their votes.

  7. Q is half of the square root of the number of current Developers. K is Q or 5, whichever is the smaller. Q and K need not be integers and are not rounded.

5. Project Leader

5.1. Powers

The Project Leader may:

  1. Appoint Delegates or delegate decisions to the Technical Committee.

    The Leader may define an area of ongoing responsibility or a specific decision and hand it over to another Developer or to the Technical Committee.

    Once a particular decision has been delegated and made the Project Leader may not withdraw that delegation; however, they may withdraw an ongoing delegation of particular area of responsibility.

  2. Lend authority to other Developers.

    The Project Leader may make statements of support for points of view or for other members of the project, when asked or otherwise; these statements have force if and only if the Leader would be empowered to make the decision in question.

  3. Make any decision which requires urgent action.

    This does not apply to decisions which have only become gradually urgent through lack of relevant action, unless there is a fixed deadline.

  4. Make any decision for whom noone else has responsibility.

  5. Propose draft General Resolutions and amendments.

  6. Together with the Technical Committee, appoint new members to the Committee. (See §6.2.)

  7. Use a casting vote when Developers vote.

    The Project Leader also has a normal vote in such ballots.

  8. Vary the discussion period for Developers' votes (as above).

  9. Lead discussions amongst Developers.

    The Project Leader should attempt to participate in discussions amongst the Developers in a helpful way which seeks to bring the discussion to bear on the key issues at hand. The Project Leader should not use the Leadership position to promote their own personal views.

  10. In consultation with the developers, make decisions affecting property held in trust for purposes related to Debian. (See §9.). Such decisions are communicated to the members by the Project Leader or their Delegate(s). Major expenditures should be proposed and debated on the mailing list before funds are disbursed.

  11. Add or remove organizations from the list of trusted organizations (see §9.3) that are authorized to accept and hold assets for Debian. The evaluation and discussion leading up to such a decision occurs on an electronic mailing list designated by the Project Leader or their Delegate(s), on which any developer may post. There is a minimum discussion period of two weeks before an organization may be added to the list of trusted organizations.

5.2. Appointment

  1. The Project Leader is elected by the Developers.
  2. The election begins six weeks before the leadership post becomes vacant, or (if it is too late already) immediately.
  3. For the first week any Developer may nominate themselves as a candidate Project Leader, and summarize their plans for their term.
  4. For three weeks after that no more candidates may be nominated; candidates should use this time for campaigning and discussion. If there are no candidates at the end of the nomination period then the nomination period is extended for an additional week, repeatedly if necessary.
  5. The next two weeks are the polling period during which Developers may cast their votes. Votes in leadership elections are kept secret, even after the election is finished.
  6. The options on the ballot will be those candidates who have nominated themselves and have not yet withdrawn, plus None Of The Above. If None Of The Above wins the election then the election procedure is repeated, many times if necessary.
  7. The decision will be made using the method specified in section §A.6 of the Standard Resolution Procedure. The quorum is the same as for a General Resolution (§4.2) and the default option is None Of The Above.
  8. The Project Leader serves for one year from their election.

5.3. Procedure

The Project Leader should attempt to make decisions which are consistent with the consensus of the opinions of the Developers.

Where practical the Project Leader should informally solicit the views of the Developers.

The Project Leader should avoid overemphasizing their own point of view when making decisions in their capacity as Leader.

6. Technical committee

6.1. Powers

The Technical Committee may:

  1. Decide on any matter of technical policy.

    This includes the contents of the technical policy manuals, developers' reference materials, example packages and the behaviour of non-experimental package building tools. (In each case the usual maintainer of the relevant software or documentation makes decisions initially, however; see 6.3(5).)

  2. Decide any technical matter where Developers' jurisdictions overlap.

    In cases where Developers need to implement compatible technical policies or stances (for example, if they disagree about the priorities of conflicting packages, or about ownership of a command name, or about which package is responsible for a bug that both maintainers agree is a bug, or about who should be the maintainer for a package) the technical committee may decide the matter.

  3. Make a decision when asked to do so.

    Any person or body may delegate a decision of their own to the Technical Committee, or seek advice from it.

  4. Overrule a Developer (requires a 3:1 majority).

    The Technical Committee may ask a Developer to take a particular technical course of action even if the Developer does not wish to; this requires a 3:1 majority. For example, the Committee may determine that a complaint made by the submitter of a bug is justified and that the submitter's proposed solution should be implemented.

  5. Offer advice.

    The Technical Committee may make formal announcements about its views on any matter. Individual members may of course make informal statements about their views and about the likely views of the committee.

  6. Together with the Project Leader, appoint new members to itself or remove existing members. (See §6.2.)

  7. Appoint the Chair of the Technical Committee.

    The Chair is elected by the Committee from its members. All members of the committee are automatically nominated; the committee votes starting one week before the post will become vacant (or immediately, if it is already too late). The members may vote by public acclamation for any fellow committee member, including themselves; there is no default option. The vote finishes when all the members have voted, or when the voting period has ended. The result is determined using the method specified in section A.6 of the Standard Resolution Procedure.

  8. The Chair can stand in for the Leader, together with the Secretary

    As detailed in §7.1(2), the Chair of the Technical Committee and the Project Secretary may together stand in for the Leader if there is no Leader.

6.2. Composition

  1. The Technical Committee consists of up to 8 Developers, and should usually have at least 4 members.

  2. When there are fewer than 8 members the Technical Committee may recommend new member(s) to the Project Leader, who may choose (individually) to appoint them or not.

  3. When there are 5 members or fewer the Technical Committee may appoint new member(s) until the number of members reaches 6.

  4. When there have been 5 members or fewer for at least one week the Project Leader may appoint new member(s) until the number of members reaches 6, at intervals of at least one week per appointment.

  5. A Developer is not eligible to be (re)appointed to the Technical Committee if they have been a member within the previous 12 months.

  6. If the Technical Committee and the Project Leader agree they may remove or replace an existing member of the Technical Committee.

  7. Term limit:

    1. On January 1st of each year the term of any Committee member who has served more than 42 months (3.5 years) and who is one of the two most senior members is set to expire on December 31st of that year.

    2. A member of the Technical Committee is said to be more senior than another if they were appointed earlier, or were appointed at the same time and have been a member of the Debian Project longer. In the event that a member has been appointed more than once, only the most recent appointment is relevant.

6.3. Procedure

  1. The Technical Committee uses the Standard Resolution Procedure.

    A draft resolution or amendment may be proposed by any member of the Technical Committee. There is no minimum discussion period; the voting period lasts for up to one week, or until the outcome is no longer in doubt. Members may change their votes. There is a quorum of two.

  2. Details regarding voting

    The Chair has a casting vote. When the Technical Committee votes whether to override a Developer who also happens to be a member of the Committee, that member may not vote (unless they are the Chair, in which case they may use only their casting vote).

  3. Public discussion and decision-making.

    Discussion, draft resolutions and amendments, and votes by members of the committee, are made public on the Technical Committee public discussion list. There is no separate secretary for the Committee.

  4. Confidentiality of appointments.

    The Technical Committee may hold confidential discussions via private email or a private mailing list or other means to discuss appointments to the Committee. However, votes on appointments must be public.

  5. No detailed design work.

    The Technical Committee does not engage in design of new proposals and policies. Such design work should be carried out by individuals privately or together and discussed in ordinary technical policy and design forums.

    The Technical Committee restricts itself to choosing from or adopting compromises between solutions and decisions which have been proposed and reasonably thoroughly discussed elsewhere.

    Individual members of the technical committee may of course participate on their own behalf in any aspect of design and policy work.

  6. Technical Committee makes decisions only as last resort.

    The Technical Committee does not make a technical decision until efforts to resolve it via consensus have been tried and failed, unless it has been asked to make a decision by the person or body who would normally be responsible for it.

7. The Project Secretary

7.1. Powers

The Secretary:

  1. Takes votes amongst the Developers, and determines the number and identity of Developers, whenever this is required by the constitution.

  2. Can stand in for the Leader, together with the Chair of the Technical Committee.

    If there is no Project Leader then the Chair of the Technical Committee and the Project Secretary may by joint agreement make decisions if they consider it imperative to do so.

  3. Adjudicates any disputes about interpretation of the constitution.

  4. May delegate part or all of their authority to someone else, or withdraw such a delegation at any time.

7.2. Appointment

The Project Secretary is appointed by the Project Leader and the current Project Secretary.

If the Project Leader and the current Project Secretary cannot agree on a new appointment, they must ask the Developers by way of General Resolution to appoint a Secretary.

If there is no Project Secretary or the current Secretary is unavailable and has not delegated authority for a decision then the decision may be made or delegated by the Chair of the Technical Committee, as Acting Secretary.

The Project Secretary's term of office is 1 year, at which point they or another Secretary must be (re)appointed.

7.3. Procedure

The Project Secretary should make decisions which are fair and reasonable, and preferably consistent with the consensus of the Developers.

When acting together to stand in for an absent Project Leader the Chair of the Technical Committee and the Project Secretary should make decisions only when absolutely necessary and only when consistent with the consensus of the Developers.

8. The Project Leader's Delegates

8.1. Powers

The Project Leader's Delegates:

  1. have powers delegated to them by the Project Leader;
  2. may make certain decisions which the Leader may not make directly, including approving or expelling Developers or designating people as Developers who do not maintain packages. This is to avoid concentration of power, particularly over membership as a Developer, in the hands of the Project Leader.

8.2. Appointment

The Delegates are appointed by the Project Leader and may be replaced by the Leader at the Leader's discretion. The Project Leader may not make the position as a Delegate conditional on particular decisions by the Delegate, nor may they override a decision made by a Delegate once made.

8.3. Procedure

Delegates may make decisions as they see fit, but should attempt to implement good technical decisions and/or follow consensus opinion.

9. Assets held in trust for Debian

In most jurisdictions around the world, the Debian project is not in a position to directly hold funds or other property. Therefore, property has to be owned by any of a number of organisations as detailed in §9.2.

Traditionally, SPI was the sole organisation authorized to hold property and monies for the Debian Project. SPI was created in the U.S. to hold money in trust there.

SPI and Debian are separate organisations who share some goals. Debian is grateful for the legal support framework offered by SPI.

9.1. Relationship with Associated Organizations

  1. Debian Developers do not become agents or employees of organisations holding assets in trust for Debian, or of each other, or of persons in authority in the Debian Project, solely by the virtue of being Debian Developers. A person acting as a Developer does so as an individual, on their own behalf. Such organisations may, of their own accord, establish relationships with individuals who are also Debian developers.

9.2. Authority

  1. An organisation holding assets for Debian has no authority regarding Debian's technical or nontechnical decisions, except that no decision by Debian with respect to any property held by the organisation shall require it to act outside its legal authority.

  2. Debian claims no authority over an organisation that holds assets for Debian other than that over the use of property held in trust for Debian.

9.3. Trusted organisations

Any donations for the Debian Project must be made to any one of a set of organisations designated by the Project leader (or a delegate) to be authorized to handle assets to be used for the Debian Project.

Organisations holding assets in trust for Debian should undertake reasonable obligations for the handling of such assets.

Debian maintains a public List of Trusted Organisations that accept donations and hold assets in trust for Debian (including both tangible property and intellectual property) that includes the commitments those organisations have made as to how those assets will be handled.

A. Standard Resolution Procedure

These rules apply to communal decision-making by committees and plebiscites, where stated above.

A.0. Proposal

The formal procedure begins when a draft resolution is proposed and sponsored, as required.

A.1. Discussion and Amendment

  1. Following the proposal, the resolution may be discussed. Amendments may be made formal by being proposed and sponsored according to the requirements for a new resolution, or directly by the proposer of the original resolution.
  2. A formal amendment may be accepted by the resolution's proposer, in which case the formal resolution draft is immediately changed to match.
  3. If a formal amendment is not accepted, or one of the sponsors of the resolution does not agree with the acceptance by the proposer of a formal amendment, the amendment remains as an amendment and will be voted on.
  4. If an amendment accepted by the original proposer is not to the liking of others, they may propose another amendment to reverse the earlier change (again, they must meet the requirements for proposer and sponsor(s).)
  5. The proposer of a resolution may suggest changes to the wordings of amendments; these take effect if the proposer of the amendment agrees and none of the sponsors object. In this case the changed amendments will be voted on instead of the originals.
  6. The proposer of a resolution may make changes to correct minor errors (for example, typographical errors or inconsistencies) or changes which do not alter the meaning, providing noone objects within 24 hours. In this case the minimum discussion period is not restarted.

A.2. Calling for a vote

  1. The proposer or a sponsor of a motion or an amendment may call for a vote, providing that the minimum discussion period (if any) has elapsed.
  2. The proposer or any sponsor of a resolution may call for a vote on that resolution and all related amendments.
  3. The person who calls for a vote states what they believe the wordings of the resolution and any relevant amendments are, and consequently what form the ballot should take. However, the final decision on the form of ballot(s) is the Secretary's - see 7.1(1), 7.1(3) and A.3(4).
  4. The minimum discussion period is counted from the time the last formal amendment was accepted, or since the whole resolution was proposed if no amendments have been proposed and accepted.

A.3. Voting procedure

  1. Each resolution and its related amendments is voted on in a single ballot that includes an option for the original resolution, each amendment, and the default option (where applicable).
  2. The default option must not have any supermajority requirements. Options which do not have an explicit supermajority requirement have a 1:1 majority requirement.
  3. The votes are counted according to the rules in A.6. The default option is Further Discussion, unless specified otherwise.
  4. In cases of doubt the Project Secretary shall decide on matters of procedure.

A.4. Withdrawing resolutions or unaccepted amendments

The proposer of a resolution or unaccepted amendment may withdraw it. In this case new proposers may come forward keep it alive, in which case the first person to do so becomes the new proposer and any others become sponsors if they aren't sponsors already.

A sponsor of a resolution or amendment (unless it has been accepted) may withdraw.

If the withdrawal of the proposer and/or sponsors means that a resolution has no proposer or not enough sponsors it will not be voted on unless this is rectified before the resolution expires.

A.5. Expiry

If a proposed resolution has not been discussed, amended, voted on or otherwise dealt with for 4 weeks the secretary may issue a statement that the issue is being withdrawn. If none of the sponsors of any of the proposals object within a week, the issue is withdrawn.

The secretary may also include suggestions on how to proceed, if appropriate.

A.6. Vote Counting

  1. Each voter's ballot ranks the options being voted on. Not all options need be ranked. Ranked options are considered preferred to all unranked options. Voters may rank options equally. Unranked options are considered to be ranked equally with one another. Details of how ballots may be filled out will be included in the Call For Votes.
  2. If the ballot has a quorum requirement R any options other than the default option which do not receive at least R votes ranking that option above the default option are dropped from consideration.
  3. Any (non-default) option which does not defeat the default option by its required majority ratio is dropped from consideration.
    1. Given two options A and B, V(A,B) is the number of voters who prefer option A over option B.
    2. An option A defeats the default option D by a majority ratio N, if V(A,D) is greater or equal to N * V(D,A) and V(A,D) is strictly great
    3. If a supermajority of S:1 is required for A, its majority ratio is S; otherwise, its majority ratio is 1.
  4. From the list of undropped options, we generate a list of pairwise defeats.
    1. An option A defeats an option B, if V(A,B) is strictly greater than V(B,A).
  5. From the list of [undropped] pairwise defeats, we generate a set of transitive defeats.
    1. An option A transitively defeats an option C if A defeats C or if there is some other option B where A defeats B AND B transitively defeats C.
  6. We construct the Schwartz set from the set of transitive defeats.
    1. An option A is in the Schwartz set if for all options B, either A transitively defeats B, or B does not transitively defeat A.
  7. If there are defeats between options in the Schwartz set, we drop the weakest such defeats from the list of pairwise defeats, and return to step 5.
    1. A defeat (A,X) is weaker than a defeat (B,Y) if V(A,X) is less than V(B,Y). Also, (A,X) is weaker than (B,Y) if V(A,X) is equal to V(B,Y) and V(X,A) is greater than V(Y,B).
    2. A weakest defeat is a defeat that has no other defeat weaker than it. There may be more than one such defeat.
  8. If there are no defeats within the Schwartz set, then the winner is chosen from the options in the Schwartz set. If there is only one such option, it is the winner. If there are multiple options, the elector with the casting vote chooses which of those options wins.

Note: Options which the voters rank above the default option are options they find acceptable. Options ranked below the default options are options they find unacceptable.

When the Standard Resolution Procedure is to be used, the text which refers to it must specify what is sufficient to have a draft resolution proposed and/or sponsored, what the minimum discussion period is, and what the voting period is. It must also specify any supermajority and/or the quorum (and default option) to be used.

B. Use of language and typography

The present indicative (is, for example) means that the statement is a rule in this constitution. May or can indicates that the person or body has discretion. Should means that it would be considered a good thing if the sentence were obeyed, but it is not binding. Text marked as a citation, such as this, is rationale and does not form part of the constitution. It may be used only to aid interpretation in cases of doubt.